"SUPERBUG" BACTERIA

The epidemic raged through the hospital nursery, endangering or infecting newborn babies. It was 1960, when penicillin was still effective against most pathogenic bacteria, but a new strain of Staphylococcus aureus had emerged—a strain that was resistant to penicillin.

I was a research assistant at a large teaching hospital in the Chicago area, and found myself assigned to finding the source of the infection. Was there a Typhoid Mary on the staff? Some cleaning woman or nurse's aide, perhaps? There was only one way to find out. For several weeks I moved from one room on the nursery floor to another, taking nasal swabs from every person who entered the room, then culturing the bacteria from them in the laboratory. It made me less than popular with the nursing staff, but the hospital administrators had given strict orders about the need for cooperating with my study. My results did indeed show the source of the infection—the pediatricians who moved from one baby to another without thoroughly washing their hands.

At that time hospital-acquired infections were much rarer than they are today. The “magic bullet” penicillin was given routinely to control infections as soon as they appeared. But the appearance of penicillin-resistant bacteria was a red flag for biologists, if not for much of the medical profession. Pharmaceutical companies responded by modifying the structure of penicillin to create methicillin, and for a time methicillin controlled all the bacteria that were resistant to penicillin. Eventually, some strains of bacteria emerged that were resistant to methicillin; now we call them methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, or MRSA. Some bacteria failed to be controlled by other antibiotics, also. Today many infections still respond to various antibiotics, but occasionally they do not.

How did this come about? As Charles Darwin realized in the nineteenth century, evolution occurs when something in the environment kills part of a species before it can reproduce. (This is what is meant by natural selection.) In a population of Staphylococcus (staph), some of the bacteria contain mutations that make them vulnerable to a given antibiotic, but other bacteria may be resistant to it. If an infection is treated with the antibiotic, only the resistant bacteria survive and reproduce. Bacteria multiply rapidly; soon, many resistant bacteria are in the environment.

Though antibiotics can be lifesaving when necessary, their misuse has led to selection for resistant bacterial strains. Most physicians are aware of the problem. However, even now many people continue to insist on being given antibiotics at the first sign of an infection, or even as a preventive measure.

In 2011 an infection spread through a National Institutes of Health (NIH) hospital near Washington, D.C. Caused by a drug-resistant strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae, it infected 18 patients and killed six of them. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) is another danger: it is a particularly nasty class of bacteria that causes serious intestinal illness and is fatal in about 50% of cases. It is resistant to the powerful class of antibiotics called carbapenems. So far CRE has been found mainly in hospitals, but it has spread to most states now, and it seems inevitable that it will spread to the general community.

How can we aging people avoid getting these infections, which are especially dangerous to the elderly? One strategy is a no-brainer—stay out of hospitals! Many procedures can be done in outpatient settings today, which costs less and is less likely to lead to infections. If we do have to be in a hospital, we should forget politeness and insist that anyone who touches or even breathes on us wash their hands or use alcohol-based sanitizers. Beyond that, there is little we can do now except to stay as healthy as possible. Our bodies contain many “good” bacteria that help protect us against dangerous pathogens; if we are generally in good health and have not destroyed those helpful bacteria, we have a good chance of staying free of “superbug” infections.

MAKING YOGURT

Last week I was browsing in the local thrift shop, and saw a Salton yogurt maker. It had been quite a while since I’d seen one—in fact, since I donated my old one to another thrift shop—and it brought back many memories. Back in the day, yogurt-making was very popular, along with tie-dyed clothing, drugs, and rock ‘n’ roll. I found directions for making yogurt in The New York Times and used the recipe for years, then included a modified version in my own book Cooking without Sugar.

In recent years I have continued to eat yogurt, but because of general sloth have bought ready-made yogurt at Safeway. Their yogurt is dependably good, and is less expensive than it used to be. When I saw the yogurt maker, though, I couldn’t resist making it myself again. I invested $3 and took the machine home.

It worked perfectly, and the next day I had five cups of yogurt. The quality was similar to Safeway’s. I could have bought a Safeway quart carton for only about 50 cents more, so why should I bother making it myself? The main reason is that I no longer will accumulate those nonrecyclable yogurt cartons! Also, as a onetime bacteriologist I like the idea of working with living organisms (the bacteria that digest lactose and turn liquid milk into semisolid yogurt).  Finally, I will have a reliable supply of sugar-free, preservative-free yogurt that can be mixed with fresh fruit. Too often the yogurt in stores is made only with fruit syrups that I find almost nauseating, and that add many calories.

Because my RV is rather small, and we often have no electricity available, I may not take the yogurt maker when we travel. It will depend on what kind of trip we are planning and how long we will be gone. From now on, though, I will be making my own yogurt again whenever possible.

Here’s my recipe, if you’d like to try it:

Pour 1 qt whole or 2% milk into a metal (not enamel) saucepan. Add:

1/2 C instant nonfat dry milk

Bring to a boil and then remove from the stove. Cool until the milk is lukewarm (about 1 h). Whisk about 1/4 C into:

1/4 C plain Dannon yogurt (whatever brand you use, it must be a live culture)

Add the yogurt to the milk and stir.

Perhaps you have a yogurt maker; if so, pour the mixture into the cups, add the covers, and let it ferment overnight. Otherwise, leave the pan, uncovered, in a gas oven (having a pilot light) overnight. Or, put some water in an electric frying pan, set it at 110˚, and place the pan in the warm water for 3–4 h. (Back in the sixties I knew a flower child who carried out the fermentation by leaving the pan on her radio (with its warm tubes) overnight.)

When the yogurt has solidified, you can add fresh fruit and Splenda to create a dessert. It can also be used plain as an ingredient in other recipes. Be sure to save some for starting the next batch.

Stress and Strain

For many years I rose at five or six o’clock and began a long day of study, work, or caregiving. I was stressed out for long periods. My marriages and friendships suffered, I worked less effectively than I should have, and my health was affected. Both physical and emotional stress can set up a chain reaction of harmful physiological changes.

Some stress was unavoidable--burglaries and other crimes, my leaving Random House after a publishing merger ended in a bloodbath, a divorce, a hysterectomy, deaths, treachery, and so on. In other cases, though, I brought unnecessary stress on myself. Looking back now, relatively contented and relaxed, I can see some of the mistakes I made.

If I could be a time traveler and go back to advise my younger self, I would tell her:

Spend a few minutes every day writing a to-do list and assigning priorities. Not only does this make your day more productive, but just looking at the list will help you relax when you see how few things are really essential.

Get enough sleep. You need eight hours a night to feel well and to think clearly.
Exercise every day. Even a 20-minute walk will relieve stress. Tai chi or yoga can be combined with meditation.
Know when to quit. You should have dropped that medical students’ neuroanatomy class, for example. You have never used more than a superficial knowledge of the nervous system! For that matter, perhaps you should stop grad school after earning a Master’s degree. Your PhD dissertation hearing will be one of the most stressful experiences of your life.
Limit alcohol and caffeine. You drink too much coffee to stay alert, then drink alcohol to calm down after a stressful day.
Get help. Many sources of help with caregiving are available, but you are too stubborn to take advantage of them. Ask for advice about difficult computer programs, or take classes that will help. Don’t try to do everything alone.
Take frequent breaks from using the computer. Your eyes and brain need to rest.
Some of your relationships are stressful. Get some counseling about them from a good therapist. Then, if the relationships can’t be improved, end them. You will also discover much about yourself during therapy. This may reduce stress, also.
Make friends with lots of women. They will be helpful for the rest of your life. Inevitably, some friends will move away or become involved in lives that don’t include you, but a few friends will still be close to you fifty or sixty years from now. Treasure them.
Keep your home environment as simple and clutter-free as possible. You are spending too much time and energy caring for your belongings, and you sometimes spend too much money for them.
Listen to the “different drummer” in your own brain. Trying to live according to others’ expectations is a continual cause of stress.
Cultivate your sense of humor. You take life too seriously, and should laugh more.
Live within your income. When you are elderly, you will be horrified at the amount of interest you paid over the years. Only the interest you spent on mortgages will then seem justified.

If anyone gave me this advice about stress when I was young, I didn’t listen. It’s too bad my personal time-traveler from the future never appeared. 

ONLINE DATING: OUR STORY

The GreenSingles.com ad was directed at “progressive singles” such as environmentalists, vegetarians, religious liberals, and others with similar views. It promised to bring people together for companionship, friendship, even marriage. Online dating had never appealed to me, but this ad in my church magazine, the UU World, sounded good. After a few years of being a widow, I was tired of spending all my time with women friends or alone. I had no desire to remarry, but wanted to have a male companion in my life—someone with whom I could go to movies, talk, and walk along the Bay shore. I had tried the usual suggestions (join a church, be active in the community, etc.), but had met no one remotely interesting. It was time to be more adventurous. Friends warned me about the awful men I might meet online. But they also told me not to be too particular at my age—just to look for someone who was single, solvent, and sober!

At first, using online dating seemed like a mistake. When a few weirdoes responded to my ad I was glad my real name and address were safely hidden. Some other connections petered out quickly when we found no common interests. Just as I decided to give up, I got a message from a retired teacher living on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, 150 miles away from me. He was interested in the environment, and had been building his own solar-powered home (off the grid) for many years. We had a couple of phone conversations, then decided we should meet for lunch. (Neither of us would be committed to anything, and we would at least have eaten lunch.)

I took the train to Sacramento, a neutral and public meeting place. A man waiting on the platform introduced himself as Thane, and we eyed each other a little warily, both wondering what we were getting into. Then we strolled through the streets of Old Sacramento, had lunch, and talked. He was the sort of person I had expected from the Green Singles ad. Perhaps too much so: He was a vegetarian, I sometimes ate meat; he hated city life, I enjoyed it; he never drank alcohol, I greatly enjoyed my daily glass or two of wine. More promisingly, we were both strongly committed to preserving the natural environment. He was several years younger than I, making me glad I had shaved a couple of years from my age for my ad. He showed me photos of the house he had designed and built, a simple chalet situated to maximize exposure to the sun. When lunch ended and the waiter brought some change, we both sprang for the quarters, and realized we were both collecting the commemorative state quarters. It was a start.

In the next few weeks, we talked on the phone several times, then agreed to meet again, this time in Auburn, in the Gold Rush country. We had a pleasant picnic and walked, discovering our mutual love of museums.  More meetings followed.

Finally, we visited each other’s homes. They were a contrast: I had lived for 20 years in Alameda, a city on San Francisco Bay. My house was a large 1905 Craftsman on the border of the city’s Gold Coast. I was proud of it, though as an impoverished widow I knew I would have to sell it before long. Thane’s was the solar home he had described to me. The view from the porch was breathtaking—we could look for miles across a valley filled with pines and oaks. Though it was not far from a road, no other house was visible, as the property was surrounded by the El Dorado National Forest. I hadn’t realized the house was still unfinished inside, and that the solar-powered batteries were minimal. If we wanted to watch TV in the evening, we had to use all the electricity for that. (If the day had been cloudy, he had to run a gasoline generator to charge the batteries.) We both greatly enjoyed playing Scrabble, fortunately—we could usually see well enough for that. Without the wi-fi and cell towers I was used to, my computer and cell phone were useless. A propane lantern hanging on the wall was the main source of light for reading during cloudy times. The fridge was small and used propane.

I began to realize that Thane was very eccentric, even by environmentalist standards. He lit additional burners with a used kitchen match, drove to the nearby town as seldom as possible, refused to buy any but the simplest carpentry tools. If he needed three screws for a project, he bought three screws, not a package. And yet, he bought organic foods that were more expensive than anything I was used to. Was this going to be a disaster?

We went through about a year of traveling back and forth and getting to know each other’s foibles. (I have my own idiosyncrasies, too.) Meanwhile, I decided to sell my home and buy an RV. Thane helped me choose the Winnebago View we now use.  (When I finally decided to live with him, my friends pointed out that if it didn’t work out, I could just jump into the RV and leave!) We became closer and closer, and made some compromises.

I finally moved to Thane’s house and have helped him make many improvements. It is still not completely finished, but traveling in the RV has seemed more important, and the house is now very comfortable for when we are at home. I am amazed to realize that I seldom miss Alameda.

Marriage has not been an option for us, for a variety of reasons, but we have now lived together for more than six years. Like all couples, we have our ups and downs. Still, we are both happier than we had been for a long time, and we hope to grow truly old together. Online dating has been wonderful for us.

WHO ARE THE KARDASHIANS, ANYWAY?

Waiting in the checkout lane at a supermarket, I glance at the magazines with their photos of glamorous celebrities. Or worse, photos of celebrities the paparazzi have caught drunk or obese. Who are all these people, and why should anyone care about them?

Long ago, I cared. Back in the 1950s I knew all the movie stars who were in Photoplay and other magazines. The term au courant was not yet in my vocabulary, but the idea was already entrenched. Most teenagers knew that June Allyson had a dusty pink bedroom and was married to Dick Powell, had a crush on Stewart Granger after seeing King Solomon’s Mines, and looked enviously at Jeanne Crain’s pencil sketches. No detail about the stars was unimportant to us high school girls.

For an impressionable young girl living far from city lights, fascination with celebrities is understandable. But, that was long ago, and in college I was exposed to live theater, classical music, and philosophy. The world suddenly seemed much larger and better than it had looked in glossy magazines.

Old people are often urged to “think young,” to “keep up with the times,” and so on. Isn’t it better for us to provide a link to the past? We have a perspective that is impossible for the young. My mother, who was born in 1908, forecast the current recession years ago, because she saw the similarities to the Roaring Twenties and to the Depression. I remember World War II and the postwar years, and can contrast that time with the present.

From our own aging viewpoint, we may be happier and more fulfilled if we spend time with the important books and music of the past than if we try to understand current ones. I would rather read a novel by Austen or Dickens than by most modern writers, rather listen to Tchaikovsky or Gershwin than to Philip Glass. Some modem writers and composers are excellent, of course; I enjoy reading anything by Simon Winchester, and am captivated by Animusic. In the end, however, I go back to old favorites.

Most of all, though, I want to catch up with important things that have been postponed too long, especially regarding our natural environment. Just in the past few years, for instance, I have begun truly experiencing the national parks and realizing their importance. About 100 years ago the poet A.E. Housman wrote that “And since to look at things in bloom, Fifty springs are little room, About the woodlands I will go, To see the cherry hung with snow.” I have far fewer than 50 springs remaining, but will make the most of them. 

THE ELDERLY RV TRAVELER

For the truly old, RVing would be unpleasant, if not impossible. Climbing the steps, driving the rig, and being far from home would ruin any advantages of this kind of travel. For those of us who are merely aging, though, the RV life is ideal. Just think—a bathroom is always just a few yards behind the driver’s seat! There is a fridge, too, and a couch where we can take naps. At night, instead of hauling a suitcase into a motel room, we turn down the Travasak cover and snuggle into a comfortable and familiar bed.  We are not locked into any schedule, and stop wherever we please. Why would anyone of a certain age not love traveling in an RV? We do need to travel intelligently, however. More than younger people, we should keep some things in mind that will help us enjoy RVing, not wish we had stayed home. 

Most of our possible problems are related to health and safety. Surprisingly, any idiot with a current driver’s license can rent or buy an RV and drive away in it.  I think that is insane; while driving and maintaining an RV is not terribly difficult, it does require some instruction and practice. My own first RV trip was in a rented Class C rig. Even though my companion was a good instructor, and I am ordinarily a good driver, I managed to hit a tree branch and break a side mirror. It might have been much worse. 

Maintaining an RV is harder than driving it. There are numerous buttons and dials throughout the rig, and many components are hidden from view. A typical owner’s manual is gigantic. As each RV model is slightly different from others, even an experienced RVer may take a while to discover what to do when, and a novice should not be trusted alone. Also, some tasks may be difficult for an elderly person. I have osteoarthritis that prevents me from grasping some small objects and opening some valves; my companion has to do some tasks for me.

Staying healthy and fit is vital for the elderly wherever we are, and it can be harder on the road than at home. I doubt that any RV has a stationary bike in it! Some fancy RV resorts, of course, have exercise rooms with good equipment, but we do most of our RVing in national and state parks. Our own solution to the exercise problem is to walk and hike as much as possible, which is easy in the parks. On the occasional days when we drive more than 200 miles, we take breaks every hour or so, and do stretches. I also enjoy doing tai chi chih, and can do it anywhere. My companion is a good swimmer, so sometimes we stay at a KOA where he can swim. The important thing is to do something active every day to avoid stiffness and weight gain.

Eating healthfully is equally important. This is easy for us—even at home, we eat very simple meals. (My companion is a vegetarian, and I eat little meat.) We keep the galley stocked with soups, brown rice, pasta and sauces, eggs, peanut butter, and salad materials. Whenever we see a farmer’s market, we stop and try some of the local produce. This boomeranged once: Just north of the Canadian border, we bought some wonderful sweet corn and other produce at a farm stand. We ate a little, then put the rest in the fridge for later. When we crossed into the U.S., a stern agricultural inspector confiscated the food and lectured us about bringing it, along with possible agricultural pests, into the country. We should have stayed in Canada long enough to have a huge picnic!

Though we usually cook in the RV and avoid restaurants, when we boondock at a Walmart having a McDonald’s we eat breakfast there for convenience. By ordering a large breakfast and splitting it, we can each have a good breakfast without too many calories. (I get all the bacon, which is nice.) I may have a small Arby’s roast beef sandwich, or a Wendy’s Cobb salad, once in a while. Aside from those aberrations, we stay out of fast-food establishments. 

Elderly people take more medicines than younger folks in general, and this can be a real nuisance when we travel. Unlike food or clothing, medicines can’t be instantly replaced if the need arises. I take about 20 pills a day, and my companion has diabetes. His insulin stays in the fridge. The rest of our meds (prescriptions and important over-the-counter items) are stored in a small suitcase near the entrance. If we ever have to evacuate quickly, we want to be able to grab that suitcase and run. When we start to run low on a prescription, we go to the nearest pharmacy to order a refill. This is remarkably easy when the pharmacy is part of the same chain we use at home—CVS, in our case—but can be a problem when it is not. So, we count out all our pills a week in advance and make sure we have enough. Otherwise, we may have to sit for hours in a pharmacy, or even stay in a town for an extra day, while faxes travel back and forth. 

Just as at home, we are more liable than young people to need hospitalization. In remote areas calling 9-1-1 may not be quick enough. If you travel with an iPad or similar device, that probably can help you find the nearest hospital. We mistrust high-tech approaches, and prefer to watch for the large “H” signs indicating hospitals. Whatever method you use, be sure you know how to get medical help if needed.

We have no children, which makes life easier in some ways, but you may have children or grandchildren who worry about you. You may want to set up a schedule for phone calls, so they will know you are all right. We keep in touch with friends and family members by sending emails every few days. Often no Wi-Fi is available in our campground, and we use the Wi-Fi at the nearest public library.

These precautions may sound daunting, but they are really no more trouble than those associated with other forms of travel—and traveling carefully is infinitely better than not traveling at all. Bon voyage!

SILICON VALLEY MEMORIES

Strictly by chance, in the early 1980s I was a student in Silicon Valley, but computers were far from my mind. I was a returning grad student in the Stanford University School of Education, concerned mainly with biology education and John Dewey’s philosophy. Slowly, though, I realized something important was happening right around me.

I had avoided math ever since high school, when the boys’ basketball coach was a very unhelpful math teacher to the sole girl in his solid geometry class. In the 1950s I even slipped through college without taking any math classes (which would be impossible today), and only as a returning student years later was I forced to study calculus and statistics. Even worse, as part of my grad work at Stanford I found myself doing a meta-analysis of hundreds of research papers. In those days we had to use a huge main-frame computer connected to small individual terminals. Hour after hour, I sat in the dark staring at a green and white screen filled with numbers and did my statistical work. (Fortunately, I soon discovered the original Adventure game, and spent a good part of my allotted computer time opening doors to secret passages, collecting keys, and avoiding trolls.)

A few of my classmates were buying the early PCs just appearing on the market. These early computers were connected to TV sets that served as monitors, had about 2K of memory, and could be laboriously programmed in BASIC. Deciding there was likely to be a future in these gadgets, I spent $2,000 on an Apple IIe and a dot-matrix printer. It was a fortune to me at the time, but I foolishly reasoned that it would be a good investment, because surely they would last a lifetime. Somehow I wrote a 300-page dissertation on the Apple, using the awkward WordStar program and storing each chapter on a floppy disk that was truly floppy. My faculty committee members complained bitterly about the difficulty of reading the dot-matrix printouts, but I was entranced by the ease of making revisions without having to pay a typist to retype the entire paper after each review.

Those early PCs seem primitive now. Today, for a few hundred dollars we can buy sleek laptops with gigabytes of memory, Wi-Fi, and webcams—machines beyond the wildest dreams of most people in the eighties. I have mixed feelings about computers, and have often been tempted to throw one out a window. Still, using the early PCs made it an exciting time to be at Stanford, and to glimpse the Information Age that was dawning.

TRAVELING ALONE OR TOGETHER

Sometimes my companion and I get on each other’s nerves. Being together constantly in a small RV is a real test of compatibility, and neither of us is particularly good at sharing.

Of course, there are many advantages to traveling together. He is an expert on RVs, having lived in one for nine years while in the early stages of building his permanent home. Though I try to learn all the details of handling the RV, he can always provide the knowledge that is needed. Besides that, he is much stronger than I am. Modern RVs in general do not require much strength, but I am unable to manage the black water disposal. (Some women have grinned and told me not to learn how!)  Especially important for an aging couple, if either of us is ill or has an injury, the other one is there to help. As we are both retired science educators, we share some professional interests, and often want to visit the same places. Finally, it is simply more enjoyable to share an adventure with someone you care about.

On the other hand, it’s not all beer and skittles. He is obsessed with trains—both model trains and the real ones—and I see them only as a very enjoyable means of transportation. While we both love to read, and spend a good amount of time in libraries, I prefer fiction, while he cares only for nonfiction. I like attending plays and spending time in art museums, but he quickly loses interest in them and thinks the admission prices are too high. He hates computers, I enjoy surfing the Net and emailing friends.

So, there are times when I envy my women friends who travel solo. They do whatever interests them, go wherever they wish, without having to accommodate another person. Meeting a variety of people, one of the pleasurable elements of travel, is also much easier for someone traveling alone.

For us, exploring the planet together definitely beats traveling alone, and so we compromise. Sometimes he goes off for a day alone looking at trains or taking hundreds of photos, and I spend the time elsewhere. We are both revitalized by pursuing our individual interests, and happily report to each other on the time we spent apart.

CAMPGROUND TOILETS

You know it’s really cold when the vault toilet blows frigid air up through the seat onto your rear end! We awoke one day in Joshua Tree National Park to see a quarter inch of snow on the ground and to hear a cold wind blowing. Because we postpone adding anything to the blackwater  tank as long as possible, we dashed across the way to use the campground toilet instead. It was not a pleasant experience.

The range of toilets in primitive campgrounds is amazing. In Canada we once found a simple pit toilet that had whitewashed walls and a bouquet of fresh flowers in a vase on the shelf. Then there are the horrendous ones I don’t need to describe. Conditions depend mainly on the campers rather than on campground owners; only an ignorant person or slob steals toilet paper or leaves it on the floor, fails to clean up any messes, tosses trash in the toilet, or leaves the lid up on a vault toilet.

Because the conditions are unpredictable, I always prepare for the worst. I take along some toilet paper and a soapy washcloth or hand sanitizer to clean my hands. (It would be nice to take bleach and paper towels, too, but that would raise hob with the decomposition.)

Of course, a lot of these problems can be avoided by going to an expensive RV resort that has bathrooms with real plumbing, but usually we prefer cheaper, less formal places—even if it means taking a chance on the toilets. Besides, you haven’t lived until you have had your butt frozen!

ARE SCIENCE TEXTBOOKS OBSOLETE?

Will the iPad and other electronic tablets replace textbooks in science classrooms? Many people think so, not only those who make or sell the devices, but also some educators who believe textbooks are insufficient for modern students.

Certainly textbooks have a lot to answer for. The very word “textbookish” is pejorative, implying dullness and stilted language. The books are inevitably out of date by the time they are published, and much more so after five years (a typical replacement period). Unlike the World Wide Web, they have limited content. Most textbooks present science more as a body of knowledge rather than as a continuing process, so inquiry by students may be discouraged. Only a few scientists can be authors of any single book (though many may be involved as consultants). A teacher who wants to excite students and help them to carry out individual projects and explore topics in depth may find a tablet a more useful tool than a textbook.

Using the Web  presents other problems, though. Almost anyone who has tried to research a disease to learn its causes and treatment has been frustrated by trying to get a clear picture. Some information is so simplistic it is useless; other information is so technical the average layperson can’t understand it. Some sites are reliable sources, but others are filled with misinformation or dangerous advice. Anyone trying to learn about a subject on the Web gets little help with the stepwise progression textbooks provide. (For instance, can anyone who is ignorant of basic chemistry understand the structure of DNA?) In the time it can take to research one science topic on the Web, a student can read an entire chapter in a textbook.

Having spent half a century as a textbook writer and editor, I confess a fondness for real books. They can provide the inexperienced teacher with a curriculum and needed background information, and the student with relevant labs and field work. If created by scientists and science educators, they can successfully present the current thinking in a field. However, textbooks do have drawbacks that can be serious. If I were teaching, I would use a textbook from a reliable curriculum project, such as those sponsored by the National Science Foundation, for planning the curriculum and for assigned readings. To provide the latest information on a topic or to help students carry out individual projects, I would make use of the Web. Within a few years, tablets may be as ubiquitous as cell phones are now, but at present “traditional” computers can serve the purpose. This combination of textbooks and Web can give teachers and students the best of both worlds.